Ягайло

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Яга́йло (лит. Jogaila; ок. 1362, Вильна — 1 июня 1434, Городок, Русское воеводство) — князь витебский, великий князь литовский в 1377—1381 и 1382—1392 годах, король польский с 1386 года под именем Владислав II Яге́лло. Внук Гедимина, сын великого князя литовского Ольгерда и тверской княжны Иулиании. Родоначальник династии Ягеллонов.

Стал великим князем после смерти своего отца, великого князя Ольгерда в 1377 году. После конфликта с братом Андреем овладел Полоцком. Из-под контроля великого князя Литовского вслед за Брянском (1371 год) и Смоленском (1375 год) вышли Волынь, Подолье (1377 год) и Северщина (1379/1380 год).

В сентябре 1380 года Ягайло отправился на соединение с Мамаем против московского князя Дмитрия Ивановича и промосковски настроенной части литовско-русской знати, но, не дойдя до Дона, узнал о поражении Мамая в Куликовской битве и повернул назад.

В октябре 1381 года был свергнут с престола своим дядей Кейстутом. Но Ягайло не отказался от борьбы и уже в июле 1382 года вернул себе великое княжение при военной помощи Тевтонского ордена и дипломатической поддержке Орды. Кейстут был заключён в Кревский замок, где, по показанию одних источников, в припадке отчаяния сам на себя наложил руки, а согласно другим источникам — был задушен по приказанию Ягайло. Говорили, что Ягайло приказал утопить и жену Кейстута, Бируту.

Двоюродный брат Ягайло Витовт, заключённый вместе со своим отцом Кейстутом в Кревский замок, успел спастись бегством к великому магистру Тевтонского ордена, начал в союзе с немецкими рыцарями борьбу против Ягайло и поставил его в такое положение, что тот должен был отказаться, по договору на реке Дубисе, от Жемайтии и обязался принять в течение четырёх лет католическую веру (1384).

14 августа 1385 года между Польшей и Великим княжеством Литовским была заключена Кревская уния. Соглашения предусматривали брак польской королевны Ядвиги и Ягайло, коронацию Ягайло королём Польши, крещение Ягайло и литовцев (в католическую веру) и освобождение из литовского плена польских христиан. 15 февраля 1386 года был крещён в Вавеле под именем Владислава и 18 февраля обвенчан с тринадцатилетней Ядвигой. После смерти Ядвиги права Ягайла на престол были подтверждены королевским советом.

Поселившись в Польше, Ягайло стал через наместников управлять Литвой, считая её частью своего нового государства. Это вытекало и из условий Кревского договора, который Ягайло заключил с поляками, что вызвало большое неудовольствие в Литве. Во главе литовской оппозиции стал Витовт, который начал борьбу с Ягайло и добился того, что был признан великим князем литовским (Виленско-Радомская уния), но под верховной властью Ягайло, так что уния Литвы с Польшей была сохранена. Скончался в 1434 году. Согласно Яну Длугошу, он простудился, слушая пение соловья. Ягайло был первым из литовской княжеской династии Гедиминовичей, носивших титул также и королей польских. Основанная им династия Ягеллонов правила обоими государствами до 1572 года. Русские историки и писатели XIX века, как правило, склонны считать его человеком небольшого ума и слабого характера, который не мог играть выдающейся роли в современной ему жизни. Напротив, в польской историографии ему обычно приписывают большие способности и сильное влияние на ход исторических событий.

 

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